# Title 14 — Domestic Relations and Persons

## Chapter 14-15 — Revised Uniform Adoption Act

### § 14-15-01. Definitions.

As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. "Abandon" means:
a. As to a parent of a child not in the custody of that parent, failure by the
noncustodial parent significantly without justifiable cause to:
(1) Communicate through physical contact or oral conversation with the child; or
(2) Provide for the care and support of the child as required by law.
b. As to a parent of a child in that parent's custody:
(1) To leave the child for an indefinite period without making firm and agreed
plans, with the child's immediate caregiver, for the parent's resumption of
physical custody;
(2) Following the child's birth or treatment at a hospital, to fail to arrange for the
child's discharge within ten days after the child no longer requires hospital
care; or
(3) To willfully fail to furnish food, shelter, clothing, or medical attention
reasonably sufficient to meet the child's needs.
2. "Adult" means an individual who is not a minor.
3. "Agency" means an entity licensed under chapter 50-12 to place minors for adoption.
4. "Child" means a son or daughter, whether by birth or adoption.
5. "Court" means the district court of this state, and when the context requires means the
court of any other state empowered to grant petitions for adoption.
6. "Department" means the department of health and human services.
7. "Genetic parent" means the biological mother or adjudicated mother of the adopted
child, or the presumed father or adjudicated father of the adopted child under chapter
14-20.
8. "Genetic sibling" means individuals with genetic relationship of sister, brother,
half-sister, or half-brother.
9. "Human service zone" means a county or consolidated group of counties
administering human services within a designated area in accordance with an
agreement or plan approved by the department.
10. "Identifying" includes full name, address, date of birth, telephone number, or anything
that may lead to the identity of any previously undisclosed individual.
11. "Investigation" includes information obtained regarding the child's history, a
preplacement adoption assessment of the prospective adoptive family, and an
evaluation of the child's placement in the adoptive home.
12. "Minor" means an individual under the age of eighteen years.
13. "Nonidentifying adoptive information" means:
a. Age of genetic parent in years at the birth of the adopted child.
b. Heritage of genetic parent.
c. Educational attainments, including the number of years of school completed by
genetic parent at the time of birth of the adopted child.
d. General physical appearance of genetic parent at the time of birth of the adopted
child, including the height, weight, color of hair, eyes, skin, and other information
of a similar nature.
e. Talents, hobbies, and special interests of genetic parents.
f. Existence of any other children born to either genetic parent.
g. Reasons for child being placed for adoption or for termination of parental right.
h. Religion of genetic parent.
i. Vocation of genetic parent in general terms.
j. Health history of genetic parents and blood relatives in a manner prescribed by
the department.
k. Such further information which, in the judgment of the agency, will not be
detrimental to the adoptive parent or the adopted individual requesting the

information, but the additional information may not identify genetic parents by
name or location.
14. "Relative" means any individual having the following relationship to the minor by
marriage, blood, or adoption: brother, sister, stepbrother, stepsister, first cousin, uncle,
aunt, or grandparent.
15. "Stepparent" means an individual who is married to a parent of a child who has not
adopted the child.
### § 14-15-02. Who may be adopted.

Any individual may be adopted.
### § 14-15-03. Who may adopt.

The following individuals may adopt:
1. A husband and wife together although one or both are minors.
2. An unmarried adult.
3. The unmarried father or mother of the individual to be adopted.
4. A married individual without the other spouse joining as a petitioner, if the individual to
be adopted is not the adopting person's spouse, and if:
a. The petitioner is a stepparent of the individual to be adopted and the biological or
legal parent of the individual to be adopted consents;
b. The petitioner and the other spouse are legally separated; or
c. The failure of the other spouse to join in the petition or to consent to the adoption
is excused by the court by reason of prolonged unexplained absence,
unavailability, incapacity, or circumstances constituting an unreasonable
withholding of consent.
### § 14-15-04. Venue - Inconvenient forum - Caption.

1. Proceedings for adoption must be brought in the court for the place in which, at the
time of filing or granting the petition, the petitioner, or the individual to be adopted
resides or is in military service or in which the agency having the care, custody, or
control of the minor is located.
2. If the court finds in the interest of substantial justice that the matter should be heard in
another forum, the court may transfer, stay, or dismiss the proceeding in whole or in
part on any conditions that are just.
3. The caption of a petition for adoption must be styled substantially "In the Matter of the
Adoption of ___________". The individual to be adopted must be designated in the
caption under the name by which that individual is to be known if the petition is
granted. If the child is placed for adoption by an agency, any name by which the child
was previously known may not be disclosed in the petition, the notice of hearing, or in
the decree of adoption.
### § 14-15-05. Persons required to consent to adoption.

1. Unless consent is not required under section 14-15-06, a petition to adopt a minor may
be granted only if written consent to a particular adoption has been executed by:
a. The mother of the minor whether by birth or adoption;
b. The father of the minor, if:
(1) The minor is the father's child by adoption, or the father has otherwise
legitimated the minor according to the laws of the place in which the
adoption proceeding is brought; or
(2) The person is presumed to be the biological father of the minor under
subsection 1 of section 14-20-10, provided the nonexistence of the father
and child relationship between them has not been judicially determined;
c. Any individual lawfully entitled to custody of the minor or empowered to consent;
d. The court having jurisdiction to determine custody of the minor, if the legal
guardian or custodian of the minor is not empowered to consent to the adoption;

e. The minor, if more than ten years of age, unless the court in the best interest of
the minor dispenses with the minor's consent; and
f. The spouse of the minor to be adopted.
2. A petition to adopt an adult may be granted only if written consent to adoption has
been executed by the adult and the adult's spouse.
### § 14-15-06. Individuals as to whom consent not required - Notice of hearing.

1. Consent to adoption is not required of:
a. A parent who has deserted a child without affording means of identification or
who has abandoned a child.
b. A parent of a child in the custody of another, if the parent for a period of at least
one year has failed significantly without justifiable cause:
(1) To communicate with the child; or
(2) To provide for the care and support of the child as required by law or judicial
decree.
c. The father of a minor if the father's consent is not required by subdivision b of
subsection 1 of section 14-15-05.
d. A parent who has relinquished that parent's right to consent under section
14-15-19.
e. A parent whose parental rights have been terminated by order of court under
section 14-15-19.
f. A parent judicially declared incompetent or mentally defective if the court
dispenses with the parent's consent.
g. Any parent of the individual to be adopted, if the individual is an adult.
h. Any legal guardian or lawful custodian of the individual to be adopted, other than
a parent, who has failed to respond in writing to a request for consent for a period
of sixty days or who, after examination of the guardian's or custodian's written
reasons for withholding consent, is found by the court to be withholding consent
unreasonably.
i. The spouse of the individual to be adopted, if the failure of the spouse to consent
to the adoption is excused by the court by reason of prolonged unexplained
absence, unavailability, incapacity, or circumstances constituting an unreasonable
withholding of consent.
j. A parent of the minor, if the failure of the parent to consent is excused by the
court in the best interest of the child by reason of the parent's prolonged
unexplained absence, unavailability, incapacity, or significant failure, without
justifiable cause, to establish a substantial relationship with the minor or to
manifest a significant parental interest in the minor, or by reason of inability of the
court to identify the parent.
2. Except as provided in section 14-15-11, notice of hearing on a petition for adoption
need not be given to an individual whose consent is not required or to an individual
whose consent or relinquishment has been filed with the petition.
### § 14-15-07. How consent is executed.

The required consent to adoption must be executed at any time after the birth of the child
and in the manner following:
1. If by the individual to be adopted, in the presence of the court.
2. If by an agency, by the executive head or other authorized representative, in the
presence of an individual authorized to take acknowledgments.
3. If by any other individual, in the presence of the court or in the presence of an
individual authorized to take acknowledgments.
4. If by a court, by appropriate order or certificate.
### § 14-15-08. Withdrawal of consent.

1. A consent to adoption cannot be withdrawn after the entry of a decree of adoption.

2. A consent to adoption may be withdrawn before the entry of a decree of adoption if the
court finds, after notice and opportunity to be heard is afforded to petitioner, the
individual seeking the withdrawal, and the agency placing a child for adoption, that the
withdrawal is in the best interest of the individual to be adopted and the court orders
the withdrawal.
### § 14-15-09. Petition for adoption.

1. A petition for adoption must be signed and verified by the petitioner, filed with the clerk
of the court, and state:
a. The date and place of birth of the individual to be adopted, if known.
b. The name to be used for the individual to be adopted.
c. The date petitioner acquired custody or date of placement of the minor and the
name of the individual placing the minor.
d. The full name, age, place, and duration of residence of the petitioner.
e. The marital status of the petitioner, including the date and place of marriage, if
married.
f. That the petitioner has facilities and resources, including those available under a
subsidy agreement, suitable to provide for the nurture and care of the minor to be
adopted, and that it is the desire of the petitioner to establish the relationship of
parent and child with the individual to be adopted.
g. A description and estimate of value of any property of the individual to be
adopted.
h. The name of any individual whose consent to the adoption is required, but who
has not consented, and facts or circumstances which excuse the lack of the
individual's consent normally required to the adoption.
i. The department as respondent.
j. The human service zone as respondent if the minor to be adopted is in the
custody of the human service zone.
2. A certified copy of the birth certificate or verification of birth record of the individual to
be adopted, if available, and the required consents and relinquishments must be filed
with the clerk.
3. Any individual filing a petition shall pay to the clerk of court a filing fee as prescribed in
subsection 1 of section 27-05.2-03.
### § 14-15-10. Report of petitioner's expenditures.

1. Except as specified in subsection 2, the petitioner in any proceeding for the adoption
of a minor shall file, before the petition is heard, a full accounting report in a manner
acceptable to the court of all disbursements of anything of value made or agreed to be
made by or on behalf of the petitioner in connection with the adoption. Fees may not
be contingent upon placement of the child for adoption, consent to adoption, or
cooperation in the completion of adoption. The report must show any expenses
incurred in connection with:
a. Preplacement counseling, adoption assessment, placement of the child, foster
care, or other preadoption services, that must be paid directly to the provider of
the services;
b. Legal fees relating to the petition for relinquishment or adoption, that must be
paid directly to the provider of the services;
c. Medical expenses relating to prenatal care and the birth of the child, that are not
already covered by health insurance;
d. Expenses for transportation, meals, and lodging incurred for placement of the
child or in order to receive counseling, legal, or medical services related to the
pregnancy, birth, or placement; and
e. Living expenses of the birth mother which are needed to maintain an adequate
standard of living, which the birth mother is unable to otherwise maintain because
of loss of income or other support resulting from the pregnancy.

(1) Payments may cover expenses incurred during the pregnancy-related
incapacity but not for a period longer than six weeks following the delivery,
unless the court determines within the six-week period that the birth mother
is unable to be employed due to physical limitations relating to the birth of
the child.
(2) Living expenses do not include expenses for lost wages, gifts, educational
expenses, vacations, or other similar expenses of a birth mother.
2. This section does not apply to an adoption by a stepparent whose spouse is a
biological or adoptive parent of the child.
3. Any report made under this section must be signed and verified by the petitioner.
### § 14-15-11. Notice of petition - Investigation and hearing.

1. a. After the filing of a petition to adopt a minor, the court shall fix a time and place for
hearing the petition. At least twenty days before the date of hearing, notice of the
filing of the petition and of the time and place of hearing must be given by the
petitioner to the department and if the minor to be adopted is in the custody of the
human service zone to the human service zone; any agency or individual whose
consent to the adoption is required by this chapter but who has not consented; an
individual whose consent is dispensed with upon any ground mentioned in
subdivisions a, b, f, h, i, and j of subsection 1 of section 14-15-06 but who has not
consented; any appropriate Indian tribe; and any individual identified by the court
as a biological parent or a possible biological parent of the minor, upon making
inquiry to the extent necessary and appropriate, as in proceedings under section
27-20.3-22, unless the individual has relinquished parental rights or the
individual's parental rights have been previously terminated by a court. The notice
to the department and if the minor to be adopted is in the custody of the human
service zone to the human service zone must be accompanied by a copy of the
petition.
b. Notice of the filing of a petition to adopt an adult must be given by the petitioner at
least twenty days before the date of the hearing to each living parent of the adult
to be adopted.
2. An investigation must be made by a licensed child-placing agency or by the
department when a child-placing agency has a conflict of interest to inquire into the
conditions and antecedents of a minor sought to be adopted and of the petitioner for
the purpose of ascertaining whether:
a. The proposed adoption is in the best interest of the minor; and
b. The adoptive home is suitable for the minor. The licensed child-placing agency
shall obtain and consider the foster care assessment of an applicant who is also
a licensed or approved family foster home for children in the manner prescribed
by the department. An adoptive home is presumed suitable if, in the manner
prescribed by the department, the petitioner is continuously licensed or approved
as a family foster home for children under chapter 50-11 to furnish foster care for
children without a correction order, fiscal sanction, or license revocation
proceeding, unless the custodial agency reasonably believes the use of the foster
care assessment or the licensed or approved family foster home for children is
not in the best interest of the minor.
3. A written report of the investigation must be filed with the court by the investigator
before the petition is heard.
4. The report of the investigation must contain:
a. A review of the child's history;
b. A preplacement adoption assessment of the petitioner, including a criminal history
record investigation of the petitioner;
c. A postplacement evaluation of the placement with a recommendation as to the
granting of the petition for adoption;

d. The petitioner's foster care assessment to demonstrate the presumed suitability
of the adoptive home if a foster care assessment was considered in the
investigation under subsection 2 of this section; and
e. Any other information the court requires regarding the petitioner or the minor.
5. An investigation and report is not required in cases in which a stepparent is the
petitioner or the individual to be adopted is an adult. The department and human
service zone, when required to consent to the adoption, may give consent without
making the investigation. If the petitioner is a court-appointed legal guardian or a
relative other than a stepparent of the minor, the minor has lived with the petitioner for
at least nine months, no allegations of abuse or neglect have been filed against the
petitioner or any member of the petitioner's household, and the court is satisfied that
the proposed adoptive home is appropriate for the minor, the court may waive the
investigation and report required under this section.
6. The department and human service zone, when required to consent to the adoption,
may request the licensed child-placing agency to conduct further investigation and to
make a written report thereof as a supplemental report to the court.
7. After the filing of a petition to adopt an adult, the court by order shall direct that a copy
of the petition and a notice of the time and place of the hearing be given to any
individual whose consent to the adoption is required but who has not consented and to
each living parent of the adult to be adopted. The court may order an appropriate
investigation to assist it in determining whether the adoption is in the best interest of
the individuals involved.
8. Notice must be given in the manner appropriate under the North Dakota Rules of Civil
Procedure for the service of process in a civil action in this state or in any manner the
court by order directs. Proof of the giving of the notice must be filed with the court
before the petition is heard.
### § 14-15-12. Required residence of minor.

1. A final decree of adoption may not be issued and an interlocutory decree of adoption
does not become final, until the minor to be adopted, other than a stepchild of the
petitioner, has lived in the adoptive home:
a. For at least six months after placement by an agency;
b. For six months after placement by a parent in accordance with an identified
relinquishment under chapter 14-15.1;
c. As a foster child for at least six months and has been placed for adoption by an
agency; or
d. For at least six months after the department and human service zone or the court
has been informed of the custody of the minor by the petitioner, and the
department and human service zone or the court has had an opportunity to
observe or investigate the adoptive home.
2. If a child who has been placed for adoption dies before the six-month residency
requirement of subsection 1 is met, the court may grant the final decree of adoption
upon a finding that a proper and legitimate reason exists for granting the final decree.
### § 14-15-12.1. Health insurance requirements for adoptees.

The department or child-placing agency involved in an adoption action may at any time
before a final decree of adoption, if legal custody of the individual to be adopted is not held by
the department, a county social service board, human service zone, a child-placing agency, or
an equivalent office or agency outside the state, require the petitioner for the adoption of
another individual to show proof that a health insurance policy is in effect which provides
coverage for the individual to be adopted. If proof of health insurance coverage is submitted by
the petitioner, no further bond of any kind may be required by the department or a human
service zone in regard to health coverage of the individual to be adopted.

### § 14-15-13. Appearance - Continuance - Disposition of petition.

1. The petitioner and the individual to be adopted shall appear at the hearing on the
petition, unless the presence of either is excused by the court for good cause shown.
2. The court may continue the hearing from time to time to permit further observation,
investigation, or consideration of any facts or circumstances affecting the granting of
the petition.
3. If at the conclusion of the hearing, the court determines that the required consents
have been obtained and that the adoption is in the best interest of the individual to be
adopted, the court may:
a. Issue a final decree of adoption; or
b. Issue an interlocutory decree of adoption which by its own terms automatically
becomes a final decree of adoption on a day specified in the decree, that day
may not be less than six months nor more than one year after the minor was
placed in the adoptive home by an agency or after the department and human
service zone or the court was informed of the custody of the minor by the
petitioner, unless sooner vacated by the court for good cause shown. In an
interlocutory decree of adoption, the court shall provide for observation,
investigation, and further report on the adoptive home during the interlocutory
period.
4. The court shall make a finding as to the reasonableness of expenses reported under
section 14-15-10.
5. If the requirements for a decree under subsection 3 have not been met, the court shall
dismiss the petition and determine the individual to have custody of the minor,
including the petitioners if in the best interest of the minor.
### § 14-15-14. Effect of petition and decree of adoption.

1. A final decree of adoption and an interlocutory decree of adoption which has become
final, whether issued by a court of this state or of any other place, have the following
effect as to matters within the jurisdiction or before a court of this state:
a. Except with respect to a spouse of the petitioner and relatives of the spouse, to
relieve the biological parents of the adopted individual of all parental rights and
responsibilities, and to terminate all legal relationships between the adopted
individual and the individual's relatives, including the individual's biological
parents, so that the adopted individual thereafter is a stranger to the individual's
former relatives for all purposes, including inheritance and the interpretation or
construction of documents, statutes, and instruments, whether executed before or
after the adoption is decreed, that do not expressly include the individual by name
or by some designation not based on a parent and child or blood relationship; and
b. To create the relationship of parent and child between petitioner and the adopted
individual, as if the adopted individual were a legitimate blood descendant of the
petitioner, for all purposes, including inheritance and applicability of statutes,
documents, and instruments, whether executed before or after the adoption is
decreed, which do not expressly exclude an adopted individual from their
operation or effect.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 1, if a parent of a child dies without the
relationship of parent and child having been previously terminated and a spouse of the
living parent thereafter adopts the child, the child's right of inheritance from or through
the deceased parent is unaffected by the adoption.
3. An interlocutory decree of adoption, while it is in force, has the same legal effect as a
final decree of adoption. If an interlocutory decree of adoption is vacated, it must be as
though void from its issuance, and the rights, liabilities, and status of all affected
individuals which have not become vested must be governed accordingly.
### § 14-15-15. Appeal and validation of adoption decree.

1. An appeal from any final order or decree rendered under this chapter may be taken in
the manner and time provided for appeal from a judgment in a civil action.

2. Subject to the disposition of an appeal, upon the expiration of one year after an
adoption decree is issued the decree cannot be questioned by any individual, including
the petitioner, in any manner upon any ground, including fraud, misrepresentation,
failure to give any required notice, or lack of jurisdiction of the parties or of the subject
matter, unless, in the case of the adoption of a minor the petitioner has not taken
custody of the minor.
### § 14-15-16. Hearings and records in adoption proceedings - Confidential nature -

Disclosure of identifying and nonidentifying information - Retroactive operation.
1. The provisions of this section supersede any other law regarding public hearings and
records.
2. For purposes of this section:
a. "Genetic parent" includes a man presumed or adjudicated to be the adopted
individual's father under chapter 14-20 and an alleged father when so indicated in
the files of the child-placing agency or the department, but only if there exists in
those files information that corroborates the allegation of paternity, including the
existence of communications between the alleged father and the child-placing
agency, or between the alleged father and the genetic mother or members of her
family, or such other corroborative information as may be permitted by rules
adopted by the department.
b. "Notify" means to make a personal and confidential contact with the individual to
whom a disclosure of identifying information has been requested. The personal
and confidential contact must be made by an employee or agent of the
child-placing agency that processed the adoption or by some other licensed
child-placing agency designated by the individual initiating the search.
3. All hearings held in actions under this chapter must be held in closed court without
admittance of any individual other than essential officers of the court, the parties, their
witnesses, counsel, individuals who have not previously consented to the adoption but
are required to consent, the parents of an adult to be adopted, and representatives of
the agencies present to perform their official duties. Upon a showing of good cause by
the petitioner, the court may prohibit the parents of an adult to be adopted from
attending the adoption hearings and proceedings. A parent of an adult to be adopted
who is prohibited by the court from attending the proceedings may submit relevant
testimony or information regarding the petition to the court in writing.
4. All papers; records; and identifying and nonidentifying information relating to an
adopted individual, birth siblings, birth parents, or adoptive parents, whether part of the
permanent record of the court or of a file in the department or in an agency are
confidential and may be disclosed only in accordance with this section. Papers,
records, and information directly pertaining to the adoption must be kept permanently
by the department and agency.
5. Nonidentifying information, if known, concerning undisclosed genetic parents must be
furnished at a reasonable fee to:
a. The adoptive parents at the time of adoptive placement or upon their written
request;
b. An adopted adult upon written request; or
c. A birth parent upon written request.
6. The clerk of the appropriate district court, upon request and payment of the proper fee,
shall furnish a certified copy of the decree of adoption to the adoptive parents, the
guardian of an adopted minor child, or an adopted adult, provided the decree does not
disclose the identity of the genetic parents or the name of the adopted individual
before the adoption action.
7. Before the child reaches adulthood, at the discretion of the child-placing agency, with
due regard for confidentiality exchanges of identifying or nonidentifying information
may take place between the genetic parents, adoptive parents, and adopted child.
a. Disclosure of a party's identifying information may not occur unless the party
consents to disclosure.

b. If one parent objects, the identifying information disclosed by the agency may
only relate to the consenting parent or parents.
8. An adopted individual who is eighteen years of age or older may request the
department to initiate the disclosure of information identifying the adopted individual's
genetic parents or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with
the department or a child-placing agency.
9. An adopted individual who is eighteen years of age or older may request the
department to initiate the disclosure of information identifying the adopted individual's
adult genetic sibling.
10. A genetic parent of an adopted individual, after that individual has reached twenty-one
years of age, may request the department to initiate the disclosure of information
identifying that individual or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not
on file with the department or a child-placing agency.
11. An adult genetic sibling of an adopted individual, after that individual has reached
twenty-one years of age, may request the department to initiate disclosure of
information identifying that individual.
12. An adult child of a deceased adopted individual may request the department to initiate
the disclosure of information identifying the adopted individual's genetic parents or to
initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with the department or
child-placing agency.
13. An adult child of an adopted individual who is still living may not request the
department to initiate disclosure of information identifying the adopted individual's
genetic parents or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with
the department or child-placing agency.
14. The department shall, within five working days of receipt of a request under subsection
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, notify in writing a child-placing agency having access to the
requested information. If the department's records do not identify any child-placing
agency having access to the requested information, the department, within five
working days after receipt of the request, shall so notify the requester in writing. The
requester may designate a child-placing agency from a list of such agencies furnished
by the department, ask the department to designate an agency, or terminate the
request.
15. Within ninety days after receiving notice of a request made under subsection 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, or 13, the child-placing agency shall make complete and reasonable efforts to
notify the individual or individuals with respect to which a disclosure of identifying
information has been requested. The child-placing agency must certify the results of its
efforts to the department within one hundred twenty days after receipt of the request.
The child-placing agency may charge a reasonable fee to the requester for the cost of
making a search pursuant to the request. All communications under this subsection
are confidential. If the search is not completed within ninety days, additional time may
be requested. Approval of this request must be given by the individual requesting the
search.
16. The personal and confidential contact must be evidenced by an affidavit of notification
executed by the individual who notified each genetic parent, adopted individual, or
genetic sibling and certifying that each genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic
sibling contacted was given the following information:
a. The nature of the identifying information to which the agency has access.
b. The nature of any nonidentifying information requested.
c. The date of the request of the adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic
sibling.
d. The right of the genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic sibling to file,
authorize disclosure or refuse to authorize disclosure.
e. The effect of a failure of the genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic sibling
to either authorize disclosure or refuse to authorize disclosure.
17. An adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic sibling, with respect to whom a
disclosure of identifying information has been requested, may authorize disclosure,

refuse to authorize disclosure, or take no action. If no action is taken in response to a
request, the child-placing agency must treat that as a refusal to authorize disclosure,
except that it does not preclude disclosure after the individual's death.
18. If the child-placing agency has been able to locate only one genetic parent who
authorizes disclosure and the other genetic parent cannot be located, the identifying
information must be disclosed to the adopted individual. The information disclosed by
the agency may relate only to the consenting parent.
19. If the child-placing agency has located both genetic parents and only one genetic
parent authorizes disclosure, the child-placing agency may not disclose identifying
information regarding the consenting parties unless there is a court order authorizing
the disclosure. Upon application to the court by the child-placing agency, the court
shall issue an order authorizing disclosure of information identifying the consenting
parties. The order must include any conditions the court determines sufficient to
reasonably ensure the continued nondisclosure of information identifying the objecting
genetic parent. Conditions placed on the disclosure may include a sworn statement by
the consenting genetic parent to refrain from disclosing to the adopted individual any
information identifying the objecting genetic parent.
20. The certification of the child-placing agency to the department must include:
a. A statement of whether it has been able to notify the individual about whom a
disclosure of identifying information was requested and whether a notification was
precluded by the death of the individual.
b. If a genetic sibling was to be notified at the request of an adopted individual, or if
an adopted individual was to be notified at the request of a genetic sibling, a
statement of whether either individual knows the identity of any mutual genetic
parent.
c. Assurances that:
(1) No disclosure of identifying information has been made with respect to any
adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic sibling who has not authorized
the disclosure in writing unless the child-placing agency has verified that the
individual has died leaving no unrevoked written refusal to authorize
disclosure.
(2) Any disclosure of identifying information that might lawfully be made under
this section was made within ten days after the date of receipt of written
authorization or the date on which the agency verified that the individual had
died.
d. Copies of any written authorization of disclosure or refusal to authorize
disclosure.
e. A statement that the individual about whom disclosure of identifying information
was requested has neither authorized nor refused to authorize disclosure at the
time of the certification.
f. The date of each notification.
g. A copy of each affidavit of notification.
21. The child-placing agency, acting on the request of an adopted individual to disclose
identifying information about a genetic sibling, or acting on the request of a genetic
sibling to disclose identifying information about an adopted individual, must determine
if either individual knows the identity of a living mutual genetic parent. If either
individual knows the identity of a living mutual genetic parent, no disclosure may be
made unless that parent is first notified, in the manner provided for in subsection 13.
The identifying information released may only relate to the consenting parties.
22. Upon application to the department by an adult adopted individual or the parent or
guardian of a minor adopted child, the department may investigate or cause to be
investigated facts necessary to determine the adopted individual's eligibility for
enrollment as a member of an Indian tribe.
a. The department may inquire of any individual or agency, including a licensed
child-placing agency in North Dakota, to assist in the investigation.
b. All identifying information obtained by the department shall remain confidential.

c. The bureau of Indian affairs or an Indian tribe may be provided sufficient
information obtained from the investigation to determine the eligibility of the
adopted individual for enrollment in an Indian tribe. Before the department's
release of information to the bureau of Indian affairs or an Indian tribe, the
department shall request written assurance from the bureau of Indian affairs or an
Indian tribe that the information provided will remain confidential and will not be
furnished to any unauthorized individual or agency.
d. The procedure used in contacting the genetic parents of the adopted child must
be a personal and confidential contact. Any necessary contact must be made by
an employee or agent of a licensed child-placing agency or the department. The
information requested of the genetic parents must be limited to that information
necessary to make a determination of the adopted individual's eligibility for
enrollment in an Indian tribe.
e. The department or agency may charge a reasonable fee.
23. An individual may not be required to disclose the name or identity of either an adoptive
parent or an adopted individual except:
a. In accordance with this section;
b. As authorized in writing by the adoptive parent or the adopted individual; or
c. Upon order of the court entered in a proceeding brought under subsection 24.
24. An adopted individual, a genetic parent, a genetic sibling, or a guardian of any of those
individuals may petition the district court for an order directing the disclosure of
identifying information.
a. The petitioner shall state that efforts to secure the requested disclosure have
been made under this section or are forbidden under this section, that the
petitioner has a significant need for the disclosure, and the nature of that need.
b. The petition shall name the department and any child-placing agency that has
received a request under subsection 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 as respondents.
c. The respondents must furnish, to the court, for in camera review, copies of such
records as the respondents may possess that contain requested identifying
information.
d. The court may determine if individuals about whom the disclosure of identifying
information is requested must be furnished notice of the proceeding and may
require that the respondents give notice to those individuals. If those persons
participate in the proceeding they must be permitted to do so in a manner, to be
determined by the court, which avoids disclosure of identifying information except
when disclosure is ordered by the court.
e. The court may order disclosure only if the petitioner demonstrates that disclosure
will not result in any substantial harm to the individual about whom identifying
information is sought. The court may not order the disclosure of identifying
information concerning any individual who objects to that disclosure.
25. The provisions of this section governing the release of identifying and nonidentifying
adoptive information apply to adoptions completed before and after July 1, 1979.
26. Any child-placing agency discharging in good faith its responsibilities under this
section is immune from any liability, civil or criminal, that otherwise might result.
27. The department shall make such reasonable rules as are necessary to carry out the
purposes of this section.
### § 14-15-17. Recognition or validation of foreign decree affecting adoption.

1. A decree of court terminating the relationship of parent and child or establishing the
relationship by adoption issued pursuant to due process of law by a court of any other
jurisdiction within or outside of the United States must be recognized in this state and
the rights and obligations of the parties as to matters within the jurisdiction of this state
must be determined as though the decree were issued by a court of this state.
2. a. To obtain a validation of a foreign decree of adoption, the adoptive parent shall
provide to the court a petition for validation of foreign adoption, an admission
stamp in the adopted individual's passport which indicates that the individual was

admitted to the United States with an IH-3 or IR-3 visa, the individual's foreign
birth certificate and English translation, the individual's foreign adoption decree
and English translation, and a signed affidavit from the agency which states that
the foreign adoption is valid and which states the name by which the individual is
to be known. The petition for validation of foreign adoption must be signed and
verified by the petitioner, filed with the clerk of the court, and state:
(1) The date and place of birth of the individual to be adopted, if known;
(2) The name to be used for the individual whose foreign adoption decree is
being petitioned for validation;
(3) The date the petitioner acquired custody or the date of placement of the
individual and the name of the foreign country's placing agency;
(4) The full name, age, place, and duration of residence of the petitioner; and
(5) The marital status of the petitioner, including the date and place of marriage,
if married.
b. Upon a finding that the requirements of subdivision a have been met, the court
shall issue a decree of validation of foreign adoption. The clerk of court shall
forward a copy of the decree of validation of foreign adoption to the registrar of
vital statistics for the issuance of a birth record in accordance with section
14-15-18.
### § 14-15-18. Application for new birth record.

Within thirty days after an adoption decree or decree of validation of foreign adoption
becomes final, the clerk of the court shall prepare an application for a birth record in the new
name of the adopted individual and forward the application to the appropriate vital statistics
office of the place, if known, where the adopted individual was born and forward a copy of the
decree to the department of this state for statistical purposes. In the case of the adoption of an
individual born outside of the United States, the court may make findings, based on evidence
from the petitioner and other reliable state or federal sources, on the date and place of birth and
parentage of the adopted individual. These findings must be certified by the court and included
with the report of adoption filed with the state registrar of vital statistics pursuant to section
23-02.1-17.
### § 14-15-19. Relinquishment and termination of parent and child relationship.

1. The rights of a parent with reference to a child, including parental right to control the
child or to withhold consent to an adoption, may be relinquished and the relationship of
parent and child terminated in or before an adoption action as provided in this section.
2. All rights of a parent with reference to a child, including the right to receive notice of a
hearing on a petition for adoption, may be relinquished and the relationship of parent
and child terminated by a writing, signed by the parent, regardless of the age of the
parent:
a. In the presence of a representative of an agency taking custody of the child,
whether the agency is within or outside of the state or in the presence and with
the approval of a judge of a court of record within or outside this state in which
the minor was present or in which the parent resided at the time it was signed; or
b. In any other situation if the petitioner has had custody of the minor for two years,
but only if notice of the adoption proceeding has been given to the parent and the
court finds, after considering the circumstances of the relinquishment and the
long-continued custody by the petitioner, that the best interest of the child
requires the granting of the adoption.
3. In addition to any other action or proceeding provided by law, the relationship of parent
and child may be terminated by a court order issued in connection with an adoption
action under this chapter on any ground provided by other law for termination of the
relationship, and in any event on the ground:
a. That the minor has been abandoned by the parent;
b. That by reason of the misconduct, faults, or habits of the parent or the repeated
and continuous neglect or refusal of the parent, the minor is without proper

parental care and control, or subsistence, education, or other care or control
necessary for the minor's physical, mental, or emotional health or morals, or, by
reason of physical or mental incapacity the parent is unable to provide necessary
parental care for the minor, and the court finds that the conditions and causes of
the behavior, neglect, or incapacity are irremediable or will not be remedied by
the parent, and that by reason thereof the minor is suffering or probably will suffer
serious physical, mental, moral, or emotional harm; or
c. That in the case of a parent not having custody of a minor, the noncustodial
parent's consent is being unreasonably withheld contrary to the best interest of
the minor.
4. For the purpose of proceeding under this chapter, a decree terminating all rights of a
parent with reference to a child or the relationship of parent and child issued by a court
of competent jurisdiction in this or any other state dispenses with the consent to
adoption proceedings of a parent whose rights or parent and child relationship are
terminated by the decree and with any required notice of an adoption action other than
as provided in this section.
5. A petition for termination of the relationship of parent and child made in connection
with an adoption action may be made by:
a. Either parent if termination of the relationship is sought with respect to the other
parent;
b. The petitioner for adoption, the guardian of the individual, the legal custodian of
the child, or the individual standing in parental relationship to the child;
c. An agency; or
d. Any other individual having a legitimate interest in the matter.
6. a. If the identity of the father or mother is known and an address for service is also
known, or the address can be ascertained with reasonable diligence, the father or
mother must be personally served the petition and notice for termination of
parental rights in compliance with the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure.
b. If the identity of the father or mother is unknown but the father's or mother's
location is known, and the identity of the father or mother cannot be ascertained
with reasonable diligence, notice must be given by publication of the petition at
least once a week for three consecutive weeks in the official newspaper of the
county in which the unknown father or mother is located.
c. If the identity and location of the father or mother are unknown and the location
and identity of the father or mother cannot be ascertained with reasonable
diligence, notice must be given by publication of the petition at least once a week
for three consecutive weeks in the official newspaper of the county in which
conception occurred.
d. The last publication as required under this subsection must be at least ten days
before the time set for hearing. Proof of publication of the notice must be made at
or before the hearing and filed in the proceeding.
7. Before the petition is heard, notice of the hearing on the petition and opportunity to be
heard must be given the parents of the child, the guardian of the child, the person
having legal custody of the child, any proposed custodian of the child, and, in the
discretion of the court, a person representing any party.
8. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 2, a relinquishment of parental rights with
respect to a child, executed under this section, may be withdrawn by the parent, and a
decree of a court terminating the parent and child relationship under this section may
be vacated by the court upon motion of the parent, if the child is not on placement for
adoption and the person having custody of the child consents in writing to the
withdrawal or vacation of the decree.
### § 14-15-19.1. Right to counsel.

A parent who consents to the adoption of a minor, under section 14-15-05, is entitled to
legal counsel during all stages of a proceeding to terminate the parent and child relationship
under section 14-15-19 if the minor is to be placed for adoption by a child-placing agency

licensed under chapter 50-12. The parent may retain counsel of the parent's own choosing and
at the parent's own expense, or, if indigent, the parent may request the court to order, upon
which the court shall order, that a state's attorney serve as legal counsel to the parent at no cost
to the parent. As an alternative to the state's attorney serving as legal counsel to the parent, the
state's attorney may request the court to order, upon which the court may order, if a conflict is
shown to exist, that other legal counsel services that may be available be provided to the parent
at no cost to the parent. These alternative legal counsel services include counsel services for
indigent persons. Prior to the termination proceeding held under section 14-15-19, the court or a
person designated by the court shall inform the parent of the right to counsel provided by this
section.
### § 14-15-20. Adoption and legitimation by conduct.

Notwithstanding the other provisions of this chapter, the biological father of an illegitimate
minor adopts and legitimates a minor by publicly acknowledging the minor as that man's child,
receiving the minor into that man's home, with the consent of that man's wife, if that man is
married, and otherwise treating the minor as if the minor were legitimate. Thereafter, the minor
is deemed the legitimate child of the father for all purposes from the time of birth of the minor,
the same as if the adoption had been finally decreed pursuant to this chapter.
### § 14-15-21. Application and construction.

This chapter must be so applied and construed as to effectuate its general purpose to make
uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among those states which enact it.
### § 14-15-22. Short title.

This chapter may be cited as the Revised Uniform Adoption Act.
### § 14-15-23. Effect on pending proceedings.

Any adoption or termination proceeding pending on the effective date of this chapter is not
affected thereby.
