# Title 32 — Judicial Remedies

## Chapter 32-48 — Business Immunity From COVID-19 Liability Claims

### § 32-48-01. Definitions.

As used in this chapter:
1. "COVID-19" means:
a. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 identified as SARS-CoV-2 and
any mutation or viral fragments of SARS-CoV-2; and
b. Any disease or condition caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 identified as SARS-CoV-2.
2. "Disinfecting or cleaning supplies" includes hand sanitizers, disinfectants, disinfecting
sprays, and disinfecting wipes.
3. "Health care facility" means any facility in which health care services are provided and
includes a hospital, special care unit, skilled nursing facility, intermediate care facility,
basic care facility, assisted living facility, ambulatory surgical center, freestanding
emergency department, rural primary care hospital, critical access hospital, inpatient
hospice facility, including a clinic not located on a hospital's primary campus, health
maintenance organization, home health agency, any field hospital, modular
field-treatment facility, or other alternative care facility designated by the department of
health and human services for temporary use related to the COVID-19 state of
emergency, and a diagnostic, examination, treatment, imaging, or rehabilitation center.
4. "Health care provider" means an individual or entity licensed, certified, or otherwise
authorized to provide health care services in this state whether paid or unpaid. The
term includes:
a. The employer or agent of a health care provider that provides or arranges a
health care service;
b. A person engaged in telemedicine or telehealth; and
c. A volunteer or military member who is approved by or works under the direction
of the department of health and human services and who provides health care
services in response to the COVID-19 state of emergency.
5. "Intentional" means when engaging in the conduct, it is the person's purpose to do so.
6. "Personal protective equipment" means equipment worn to prevent or minimize
exposure to hazards that cause injuries or illnesses.
7. "Premises" means any real property, any appurtenant building or structure, and any
vehicle serving a residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial, educational, religious,
governmental, cultural, charitable, or health care purpose.
8. "Qualified product" means:
a. Personal protective equipment used to protect the wearer from COVID-19 or to
prevent the spread of COVID-19.
b. A medical device or equipment used to treat COVID-19, including a medical
device or equipment used or modified for an unapproved use to treat COVID-19
or to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
c. A medical device or equipment used outside its normal use to treat COVID-19 or
to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
d. Medication or treatment used to treat or prevent COVID-19, including medication
or treatment prescribed or dispensed for off-label use to treat or prevent
e. A test to diagnose or determine immunity to COVID-19.
9. "Reckless" means conduct engaged in a conscious and clearly unjustifiable disregard
of a substantial likelihood of the existence of the relevant facts or risks, such disregard
involving a gross deviation from acceptable standards of conduct.
10. "Unapproved" means not authorized, accredited, or certified by a federal or state
agency for any other use, purpose, or design.
11. "Willful" means the conduct is engaged in intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.

### § 32-48-02. Actual injury requirement in civil actions alleging COVID-19 exposure.

A person may not bring or maintain a civil action alleging exposure or potential exposure to
COVID-19 unless the civil action involves an act intended to cause harm or an act that
constitutes actual malice.
### § 32-48-03. Premises owner's duty of care - Limited liability.

A person that possesses, owns, or is in control of premises, including a tenant, lessee, or
occupant of a premises, which directly or indirectly invites or permits an individual onto the
premises is immune from civil liability for any act or omission resulting in damage or injury
sustained from the individual's exposure to COVID-19, unless the person that possesses, owns,
or is in control of the premises:
1. Exposes the individual to COVID-19 through an act that constitutes actual malice; or
2. Intentionally exposes the individual to COVID-19 with the intent to cause harm.
### § 32-48-04. Safe harbor for compliance with statutes, regulations, or executive orders.

A person is immune from civil liability for an act or omission resulting in damage or injury
sustained from exposure or potential exposure to COVID-19 if the act or omission was in
substantial compliance or was consistent with a federal or state statute, regulation, or order
related to COVID-19 which was applicable to the person or activity at issue at the time of the
alleged exposure or potential exposure.
### § 32-48-05. Liability of health care providers and health care facilities.

1. A health care provider or health care facility is immune from civil liability for any act or
omission in response to COVID-19 that causes or contributes, directly or indirectly, to
the death or injury of an individual. The immunity provided under this subsection
includes:
a. Injury or death resulting from screening, assessing, diagnosing, caring for,
triaging, or treating an individual with a suspected or confirmed case of
b. Prescribing, administering, or dispensing a pharmaceutical for off-label use to
treat or prevent a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19.
c. An act or omission while providing a health care service to an individual unrelated
to COVID-19 if the act or omission supports the state's response to COVID-19,
including:
(1) Delaying or canceling a nonurgent or elective dental, medical, or surgical
procedure; delaying the diagnosis of an individual; or altering the treatment
of an individual.
(2) Conducting a test or providing treatment to an individual outside the
premises of a health care facility.
(3) An act or omission undertaken by a health care provider or a health care
facility because of a lack of staff, facility, medical device, treatment,
equipment, or other resource, attributable to COVID-19 which renders the
health care provider or health care facility unable to provide the level or
manner of care to an individual which otherwise would have been required
in the absence of COVID-19.
(4) An act or omission undertaken by a health care provider or a health care
facility relating to use or nonuse of personal protective equipment.
(5) An act or omission undertaken by a health care provider or a health care
facility relating to the administration, delivery, distribution, allocation,
prioritization, or dispensing of scarce resources among individuals such as
medical devices, treatment, and equipment.
2. The immunity provided under subsection 1 does not apply to an act or omission that
constitutes:
a. Willful and wanton misconduct;
b. Reckless infliction of harm; or

c. Intentional infliction of harm.
### § 32-48-06. Supplies, equipment, and products designed, manufactured, labeled, sold,

distributed, and donated in response to COVID-19.
1. A person that designs, manufactures, labels, sells, distributes, or donates disinfecting
or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, or a qualified product in response
to COVID-19 is immune from civil liability for any personal injury, death, or property
damage caused by or resulting from the design, manufacturing, labeling, selling,
distributing, or donating of the disinfecting or cleaning supplies, personal protective
equipment, or a qualified product.
2. A person that designs, manufactures, labels, sells, distributes, or donates disinfecting
or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, or a qualified product in response
to COVID-19 is immune from civil liability for any personal injury, death, or property
damage caused by or resulting from a failure to provide proper instruction or sufficient
warning.
3. The immunity provided under subsections 1 and 2 does not apply:
a. To a person that designs, manufactures, labels, sells, distributes, or donates
disinfecting or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, or a qualified
product:
(1) With actual knowledge of a defect in the disinfecting or cleaning supplies,
personal protective equipment, or a qualified product when put to the use for
which the disinfecting or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment,
or a qualified product was designed, manufactured, sold, distributed, or
donated; and
(2) If the person recklessly disregarded a substantial and unnecessary risk the
disinfecting or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, or a
qualified product would cause serious personal injury, death, or serious
property damage; or
b. If the person that designs, manufactures, labels, sells, distributes, or donates
disinfecting or cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, or a qualified
product acts with actual malice.
### § 32-48-07. Construction.

This chapter may not be construed to:
1. Create, recognize, or ratify a liability claim or cause of action.
2. Eliminate or satisfy a required element of a liability claim or cause of action.
3. Amend, repeal, affect, or supersede any other immunity protection that may apply
under state or federal law.
### § 32-48-08. Exception.

This chapter does not apply to enforcement actions under chapters 50-24.8, 51-08.1, and
51-15.
