====== N.D. Const. art. X, § 12 — Research ======

**Appropriation of State Funds.** Text of the section: [[.:start|current and prior versions]].

Every citing reference in the corpus: **28** court opinions and **82** Attorney General opinions. Counts include the section's pre-1981 designation (§ 186), era-gated by the renumbering crosswalk.

//Generated from the citation graph of the validated corpus. Treatment groupings (construing / citing / recital) are heuristic reading aids, not editorial judgments — read the opinion before relying on any signal.//

===== Cases by topic =====

//Topics are machine-generated groupings of the citing references — reading aids, not editorial judgments. Documents cited after the last classification pass appear in the lists below until the next pass.//

== Exclusive legislative power of appropriation ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/9821.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 98-F-21 (1998)]]
  * State ex rel. Heitkamp v. Hagerty, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/39831|1998 ND 122]] (1998, VandeWalle, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //¶ 11: “…%%The basis for the trial court's order is Grace's contention the contingent fee agreements violate Art. X, § 12, N.D. Const., and statutes requiring all State moneys to be paid-into the treasury and disbursed only pursuant to legislative appropriation.%%…”//
  * Adams County Record v. Greater North Dakota Ass'n, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1289851/adams-county-record-v-greater-north-dakota-assn/|1995 ND 36]] (1995, Sandstrom, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%Ordinarily, support by public funds is evidenced by a legislative enactment, either a direct appropriation or an authorization to a governmental unit to directly transfer public funds or tax revenues to another entity for a public purpose. N.D. Const. art. X, § 12(1): “All public moneys ... shall be paid out and disbursed only pursuant to appropriation first made by the legislature....” See Menz v. Coyle, 117 N.W.2d 290, 302 (N.D.1962) (“an ‘appropriation’ ... is the setting apar%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/94GILM02.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 94-L-186 (1994)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/9312.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 93-F-12 (1993)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/052391-Christensen_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (May 23, 1991) (to Christensen)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/103190-Rayl_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Oct. 31, 1990)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/091989-Hoffner_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Sept. 19, 1989) (to Hoffner)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/052388-Hoffner_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (May 23, 1988)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/82-75.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 82-75 (1982)]]
  * Sunbehm Gas, Inc. v. Conrad, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1605465/sunbehm-gas-inc-v-conrad/|1981 ND 143]] (1981, Erickstad, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%ertain provisions of the North Dakota Constitution, have raised the following issues: [*768] (1) Whether or not Initiated Measure No. 6 appropriates public moneys and thereby interferes with the legislature’s appropriation authority in violation of Article X, Section 12(1) of the North Dakota Constitution; (2) Whether or not Initiated Measure No. 6 “hampers, restricts, or impairs” the legislature’s power of appropriation in violation of Article III, Section 1 of the North Dakota Consti%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/73-408.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 73-408 (1973)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/70-340.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 70-340 (1970)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-55.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-55 (1963)]]
  * State ex rel. Linde, Atty. Gen. v. Taylor, State Commissioner of Insurance, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849887/state-ex-rel-linde-v-taylor/|1916 ND 23]] (1916, Christianson, J.)

== Scope of public moneys ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/00wald01.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2000-L-88 (2000)]]
  * Billey v. North Dakota Stockmen's Association, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/47644|1998 ND 120]] (1998, Sandstrom, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //¶ 5: “…%%ionality of the brand inspection, brand recording, and estray provisions in N.D.C.C. Chs. 36-09 and 36-22. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court concluded portions of N.D.C.C. §§ 36-09-18, 36-22-03, and 36-22-08 violate N.D. Const. Art. X, § 12, which requires all public moneys be paid to the state Treasurer, and N.D. Const. Art. X, § 18, which prohibits the state from making loans, giving credit, or making donations to or in aid of any individual, association%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/96pete02.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 96-L-135 (1996)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/053190-Hanson_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (May 31, 1990) (to Hanson)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/81-120.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 81-120 (1981)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/78-191.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 78-191 (1978)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/73-437.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 73-437 (1973)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/73-440.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 73-440 (1973)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/72-238.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 72-238 (1972)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/68-210.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 68-210 (1968)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/65-499.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 65-499 (1965)]]
  * Scott v. Donnelly, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2161379/scott-v-donnelly/|1965 ND 6]] (1965, Morris, J.)
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-179.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-179 (1963)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-180.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-180 (1963)]]
  * Menz v. Coyle, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1699044/menz-v-coyle/|1962 ND 37]] (1962, Strutz, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%cing actions in the district courts or by those who file petitions in the county courts, imposed for the purpose of being used for legal research and education and for supervision and improvement of the judicial system, are moneys covered by the provisions of Section 186 of the Constitution. 13. Moneys received by a public official of the State which come under the provisions of Section 186 of the North Dakota Constitution must be deposited by such public official with the State Treas%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/59-18.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 59-18 (1959)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/55-60.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 55-60 (1955)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/45-237Feb-282.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 28, 1945) (to Pharmacy)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/45-210.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 45-210 (1945)]]
  * Wirtz v. Nestos, Governor (Watson, Intervener), [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935027/wirtz-v-nestos/|1924 ND 115]] (1924, Johnson, J.)
  * State ex rel. Stearns v. Olson, State Treasurer, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850750/state-ex-rel-stearns-v-olson/|1919 ND 193]] (1919, Grace, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%oney or securities or who have had the disposition or management of any property of the state of which an account is kept in his office, to render statements thereof to him, and all such persons must render such statements when so required by said auditor." Section 186 of the Constitution of North Dakota reads thus: "No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except upon appropriation by law and on warrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, claims, accounts, or demands a%%…”//

== Nature of an appropriation and continuing appropriations ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015-L-04.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2015-L-04 (2015)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2004-L-42.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2004-L-42 (2004)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/96sans04.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 96-L-21 (1996)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/94hoev01.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 94-L-338 (1994)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/021290-Lamb_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 12, 1990)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/051888-Redlin_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (May 18, 1988)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/022587-Hanson_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 25, 1987) (to Hanson)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/81-6.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 81-6 (1981)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/79-6.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 79-6 (1979)]]
  * City of Fargo, Cass County v. State, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2130569/city-of-fargo-cass-county-v-state/|1977 ND 123]] (1977, Sand, J.)  ·  construes, quotes the provision
    * //“…%%e appropriation made by the 1969 legislative assembly became available July 1, 1969, and extended up to July 1, 1971). [1] We will first determine whether or not s 40-23-22, NDCC, constitutes an appropriation of funds for the payment of special assessments. Section 186 of the North Dakota Constitution, as is pertinent to the question involved here, provides: “All public moneys . . . shall be paid out and disbursed only pursuant to appropriation first made by the Legislature . . . .”%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/74-232.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 74-232 (1974)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/70-188Mar-9.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Mar. 9, 1970)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/49-138.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 49-138 (1949)]]
  * State ex rel. McDonald v. Holmes, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848775/state-ex-rel-mcdonald-v-holmes/|1909 ND 103]] (1909, Spalding, J.)

== Payment and deposit with the state treasurer ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/02-L-36.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2002-L-36 (2002)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/050790-Schuetzle_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (May 7, 1990) (to Schuetzle)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/071188-Lamb_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (July 11, 1988)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/022087-Patrie_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 20, 1987)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/84-10.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 84-10 (1984)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/80-61.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 80-61 (1980)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/78-86.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 78-86 (1978)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/68-343.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 68-343 (1968)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/68-211.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 68-211 (1968)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/65-449.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 65-449 (1965)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/64-331.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 64-331 (1964)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/54-104.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 54-104 (1954)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/47-32.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 47-32 (1947)]]
  * Boe v. Steele County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934358/boe-v-steele-county/|1945 ND 32]] (1945, Christianson, J.)
  * State ex rel. Strutz, Atty. Gen., v. Nelson, Treasurer of Griggs County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935307/state-ex-rel-strutz-v-nelson/|1943 ND 6]] (1943, Nuessle, J.)
  * Campbell v. Towner County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934110/campbell-v-towner-county/|1941 ND 81]] (1941, Nuessle, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%**823 Syllabus by the Court. [*616] 1. Under Section 186 of the Constitution of the State of North Dakota, as amended by art. 53 (see Laws 1939, p. 497), all public moneys belonging to the State must be paid to the State Treasurer and cannot be disbursed except pursuant to le%%…”//

== Refunds, judgments, and claims against the state ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2005-L-25.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2005-L-25 (2005)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/98gilm01.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 98-L-142 (1998)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/021490-Diemert_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 14, 1990) (to Diemert)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/71-434.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 71-434 (1971)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/66-316.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 66-316 (1966)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/66-221.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 66-221 (1966)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/66-416.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 66-416 (1966)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/64-12.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 64-12 (1964)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/64-16.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 64-16 (1964)]]
  * North Dakota Workmen's Compensation Bureau v. S. A. Healy Co., [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6726369/north-dakota-workmens-compensation-bureau-v-s-a-healy-co/|1960 ND 42]] (1960, Burke, J.)  ·  construes, quotes the provision
    * //“…%%reau to grant or, differently stated, does the Workmen's Compensation Bureau have power to grant and order the payment of refunds to employers who claim they have been charged and have paid premiums based on rates which the employers now claim were excessive. Section 186 of the North Dakota Constitution as amended June 28, 1938 (see Session Laws N.D.1939, p. 497) insofar as it is applicable here provides: 'All public moneys, from whatever source derived, shall be paid over monthly by th%%…”//
  * Oesterle v. Lavik, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2017862/oesterle-v-lavik/|1952 ND 12]] (1952, Burke, J.)  ·  construes, quotes the provision
    * //“…%%**297 Syllabus by the Court. [*888] 1. All taxes paid to the State of North Dakota, whether disputed and paid under protest or not, are included within the meaning of the term public moneys as that term is used in Section 186 of the Constitution of North Dakota. 2. Claims for refunds of taxes paid to the State must be filed with the State Auditing Board. Upon approval by the board such claims are payable out of appropriations made for that%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/47-225.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 47-225 (1947)]]
  * Ford Motor Co. v. Baker, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933065/ford-motor-co-v-baker/|1941 ND 71]] (1941, Berry, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%any v. State of North Dakota, 65 N.D. 316, 258 N.W. 596. The principal question presented for determination is whether the Legislative Assembly must make a specific appropriation for payment of the judgment. The defendant contends that under the provisions of Section 186 of the State Constitution a specific appropriation is required. The plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that under the provisions of said Section 186 of the Constitution, as amended, no specific appropriation is requ%%…”//
  * King v. Baker, State Auditor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933644/king-v-baker/|1941 ND 48]] (1941, Nuessle, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%Syllabus by the Court Pursuant to Section 186 of the Constitution of North Dakota (Article 53 of Amendments to the Constitution, page 497, Session Laws 1939), no specific legislative appropriation is required for the payment of proper obligations incurred by the St%%…”//
  * State ex rel. Langer, Atty. Gen., v. Kositzky, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850321/state-ex-rel-langer-v-kositzky/|1918 ND 5]] (1918, Birdzell, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%unconstitutional as being in violation of either section 99 of the Constitution, providing that the compensation for the services of a judge of the Supreme Court shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected, or of section 186 of the state Constitution, providing that no bills, claims, accounts, or demands against the state shall be audited, allowed, or paid until a full itemized statement shall be filed with the officer or officers whose dut%%…”//
  * State ex rel. McCue, Atty. Gen., v. Lewis, Auditor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848659/state-ex-rel-mccue-v-lewis/|1909 ND 8]] (1909, Fisk, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%er of the Legislature to require the payment of salaries of county officers as fixed by law without first [*1041] being audited by the county commissioners is recognized. Counsel for appellant also argue that the act in question contravenes the provisions of section 186 of the Constitution of this state which provides: "No bills, claims, accounts or demands against the state, or any county or other political subdivision, shall be audited, allowed or paid until a full itemized statement%%…”//

== Agency spending authority and budget administration ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2018-L-02.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2018-L-02 (2018)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2010-L-05.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2010-L-05 (2010)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2009-L-08.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2009-L-08 (2009)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2008-L-11.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2008-L-11 (2008)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2007-L-09.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2007-L-09 (2007)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2004-L-06.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2004-L-06 (2004)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/02-L-21.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2002-L-21 (2002)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/9324.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 93-F-24 (1993)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/010692-Wagner_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Jan. 6, 1992) (to Wagner)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/070191-Walsh_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (July 1, 1991)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/031690-Mertens_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Mar. 16, 1990) (to Mertens)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/031690-Rayl_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Mar. 16, 1990) (to Rayl)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/022090-Engmann_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Feb. 20, 1990) (to Engmann)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/72-428.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 72-428 (1972)]]
  * Langer, Governor v. State, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933699/langer-v-state/|1939 ND 5]] (1939, Christianson, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%ive offices, boards, commissions and undertakings are not within the purview of the State Budget Board Law, and that they are not required to furnish such estimates. It appears from the pleadings that the principal source of the controversy is an Amendment to Section 186 of the Constitution, adopted at the Primary Election held June 28th, 1938. So far as material here, that Section as amended, reads: "All public moneys, from whatever source derived, shall be paid over monthly by the pub%%…”//

== Delegation of the appropriation power ==

  * North Dakota Council of School Administrators v. Sinner, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2074997/north-dakota-council-of-school-administrators-v-sinner/|1990 ND 128]] (1990, Erickstad, J.)
  * Trinity Medical Center v. North Dakota Board of Nursing, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1808668/trinity-medical-center-v-north-dakota-board-of-nursing/|1987 ND 6]] (1987, Erickstad, J.)
  * State ex rel. Walker v. Link, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2011964/state-ex-rel-walker-v-link/|1975 ND 58]] (1975, Vogel, J.)
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-134.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-134 (1963)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-233.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-233 (1963)]]
  * Wilder v. Murphy, State Board of Administration, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934832/wilder-v-murphy/|1928 ND 23]] (1928, Nuessle, J.)

== Dedicated highway and game and fish funds ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2003-L-54.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2003-L-54 (2003)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/121686-Schindler_0.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. (Dec. 16, 1986) (to Schindler)]]
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/67-225.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 67-225 (1967)]]
  * Newman v. Hjelle, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2161820/newman-v-hjelle/|1965 ND 8]] (1965, Teigen, J.)  ·  construes, quotes the provision
    * //“…%%than public highway purposes. The phrase 'construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance' is construed to include such areas as are properly within the purposes for which the revenues were frozen, to wit, 'public highway' purposes. 10. Article 56 and Section 186 of Article 12 of the Constitution of this State are construed not to prevent the use of revenues received from gasoline and other motor [*552] fuel excise and license taxation, motor vehicle registration and license tax%%…”//
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/63-148.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 63-148 (1963)]]
  * State ex rel. Syvertson v. Jones, State Highway Com'r, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933127/state-ex-rel-syvertson-v-jones/|1946 ND 20]] (1946, Christianson, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%visions of the initiative measure approved by the people in November, 1944, and popularly known as Chapter 339 of the Laws of 1944–45, become part of the fund established by Article 56 of the Constitutional Amendments. [*466] 4. By the express provisions of Section 186 of the Constitution and of Article 56 of the Constitutional Amendments, all the revenue in this fund is now appropriated for the construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of public highways and no further act%%…”//
  * Department of State Highways v. Baker, State Auditor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934215/department-of-state-highways-v-baker/|1940 ND 5]] (1940, Morris, J.)  ·  quotes the provision
    * //“…%%has been paid by the taxpayers under written protest. Chapter 170, Session Laws N.D. 1939, provides that the proceeds of the one cent gas tax shall be covered into the state highway fund. Public moneys are required to be deposited with the state treasurer by Section 186 of the Constitution as amended by the initiated measure adopted June 28, 1938 (see Laws 1939, p. 497). It is the duty of the state auditor to draw warrants on the state treasurer for disbursements authorized by law wher%%…”//

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