=== References ===

== Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness ==
  - State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, [[https://cite.case.law/nd/1/246/|1 N.D. 246]], (N.D. 1890)
  - State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., [[https://cite.case.law/nw/124/387/|124 N.W. 387]] (1910)
  - Moody v. Hagen, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/162/704/|162 N.W. 704]] (N.D. 1917)
  - Cofman v. Ousterhous, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/168/826/|168 N.W. 826]], 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
  - State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, [[https://cite.case.law/nd/39/630/|39 N.D. 630]] (N.D. 1918)
  - State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/253/744/|253 N.W. 744]] (1934)
  - State v. Cromwell, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933491/state-v-cromwell/|9 N.W.2d 914]] (N.D. 1943)
  - Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
  - State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
  - Rosen v. Bismarck, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/181NW2d722|181 N.W.2d 722]] (N.D. 1970)
  - Johnson v. Elkin, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/263NW2d123|263 N.W.2d 123]], (N.D. 1978)
  - State v. Goetz, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/312NW2d001|312 N.W.2d 1]], (N.D. 1981)

== Cases - bearing arms ==

  - State v. Ricehill, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/415NW2d481|415 N.W.2d 481]] (N.D. 1987)
  - Keller v. Keller, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2017ND119|2017 ND 119]]

== Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty ==
  * Wrigley v. Romanick, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2023ND50|2023 ND 50]]
 
== Convention References ==
  * Journal p. {{ :conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=74| 74}}

== Prior Versions ==

  * [[https://www.ndconst.org/arti/sec1/start?rev=1594312993|1889]]
  * [[https://www.ndconst.org/arti/sec1/start?do=diff&rev2%5B0%5D=1594312993&rev2%5B1%5D=1594313022&difftype=sidebyside|Changes from prior version]]

== Scholarly works ==
  * Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, [[http://texaslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Calabresi-93-6.pdf|On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees]], 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
  * Joseph R. Grodin, [[https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol25/iss1/1/|Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety]], 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)

== Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const.==

  - [[https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-ii|U.S. Const. amend. II]] ("A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.")
  - N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
  - Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
  - N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
  - For several others, see [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.beal/zaag0001&i=1|Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871)]]; [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/feschag0001&i=1|Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877)]].